Dangerous Consequences of Sinus Infections
Sinus Infections, when gone untreated, can have dangerous consequences and complications.
These consequences and complications can include infection of the bones in the forehead (osteomyelitis), eye socket infections, blood clots, widespread infection, and other related issues. It is important to treat a sinus infection before any of these more serious complications can develop.
Osteomyelitis, an infection of the bones of the forehead, is a very serious complication of sinus infections. It often causes headaches, fever, and soft swelling. Although this condition was once untreatable, treatment today is successful, but very aggressive.
An infection of the eye socket can be noticed by swelling and dropping of the eyelid. Although a rare complication of ethmoid sinusitis, it is very serious. Loss of eye movement and pressure on the optic nerve can lead to vision loss that can be permanent. This is often accompanied by fever and severe illness.
It is possible for a sinus infection to be complicated by a blood clot forming in the sinus area on the front and top of the face. Symptoms of a blood clot as a result of a sinus infection are similar to that of an orbital infection (infection of the eye socket) and can spread to all sides of the face.
The most dangerous complication of a sinus infection is the spreading of bacteria. If the bacteria in the sinuses spreads to the brain, either through bone or blood vessels, meningitis, abscesses, or other life threatening conditions may occur. In these cases, mild personality changes, headache, vision problems may appear, and as the condition becomes more serious, seizures, coma, and death may result.
Because of the seriousness of these complications, a suitable treatment for sinus infections must be available for those suffering from sinusitis.
Causes of Sinus Infections
In order to effectively treat a sinus infection, the causes of sinus infections must be understood. Bacteria, Virus, and Fungus are the common causes of sinus infections.
A sinus infection often follows viral or bacterial infections of the respiratory track, however they also can be triggered by allergens and pollutants. The infection will damage the cells lining the sinus, causing inflammation and obstruction of the nasal passageway. This will disrupt the normal processes of removing bacteria, and it allows the bacteria to infect the lining of the sinuses.
Fungi has also been known to cause sinusitis and sinus infections, especially in individuals who have weakened immune systems, such as people with AIDS, Leukemia, and Diabetes.
Types of Sinus Infections
There are several forms of sinus infections, all of which can be painful and have serious consequences. Sinus infections are generally categorized as being either acute or chronic, and are further classified as:
- Ethmoid Sinusitis
- Maxillary Sinusitis
- Frontal Sinusitis
- Sphenoid Sinusitis
Ethmoid Sinusitis is sinusitis that occurs in the ethmoid sinuses (located in the skull between the eye sockets, above the nose). Symptoms of Ethmoid Sinusitis include congestion, pain and pressure around the eye, headache in the temple or surrounding the eye, pain and pressure, and fever.
Maxillary sinusitis occurs in the maxillary sinuses, the largest of the nasal sinuses. The maxillary sinuses are located in the upper jaw, below the eyes, and behind the cheekbones. Maxillary Sinusitis often causes around the cheekbone and upper teeth area, pain and pressure, swollen cheekbones, nasal discharge or postnasal drip, and occasionally fever.
An infection in the frontal sinuses (which are located behind the forehead) can result in severe headaches, fever, pain or pressure, and nasal discharge or postnasal drip.
Sphenoid Sinusitis occurs in the sphenoid sinuses, which is located behind the nose and eyes in the center of the skull. Deep headaches, fever, double vision and other vision disturbances, as well as nasal discharge or postnasal drip result from an infection of the sphenoid sinuses.
Treatment of Sinus Infections
There are several treatment options available to those with sinus infections. Some treatment methods are more successful than others, and careful consideration needs to be taken when choosing an effective method for treating your sinus infection.
Treatment methods include medication, surgery, self-care, and natural solutions.
Medication for Sinus Infection
Medications for sinus infections are designed to reduce inflammation, eliminate infection, promote drainage, and maintain open sinuses.
Decongestants are important in the initial treatment of a sinus infection, as they reduce the obstruction of the airways and reduce inflammation. Over the Counter Nasal Sprays work fastest (within one to three minutes) and should not be used for more than three days. These OTC (over the counter) sprays become less effective the more frequently they are used. Often times, a dependency can be developed so it is necessary to use a nasal decongestant in order to breathe easily. A difficult withdrawal program can help overcome dependency, however involves taking oral decongestants, systemic steroids, saline, and steroid nasal sprays in various combinations.
Oral Decongestants do not work as quickly as OTC nasal sprays and will usually take their effect within 30 to 60 minutes. As with an OTC nasal spray, dependency can develop and they become less effective over time. Both nasal and oral decongestants have side effects, which can include increased heart rate, nervousness, insomnia, anxiety, tremor, burry vision, headaches, and dry mouth.
Antibiotics are used to eliminate bacteria causing the sinus infection. For acute sinus infections, a synthetic penicillin can be used in uncomplicated cases. This antibiotic is inexpensive and effective for usual bacteria. In cases where the individual has allergic reactions to penicillin, a sulfur-containing antibiotic named trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is recommended. Multiple episodes of acute sinusitis causes an immunity these drugs and newer synthetic forms of penicillin is used to clear any resistant infection. If these antibiotics are overused, the bacteria can become immune to the strongest antibiotics available and become untreatable.
Antihistamines are often used to promote drainage. Many older OTC antihistamines are no longer used because they can dry out and thicken mucus, making drainage difficult, however non-sedating antihistamines do not appear to have this problem. If congestion is severe, decongestants can be used along with antihistamines.
Intranasal steroids are strong inhibitors of inflammation and are often used to reduce symptoms in cases of recurrent or long term chronic and acute sinusitis.
Surgery
Individuals with chronic sinusitis often do not see effective relief with the use of antibiotics and drugs. These people, as well as those who experience complications, may benefit from sinus surgery. A sinus surgery is performed using a fiberoptic nasopharyngoscope, and is intended to open the nasal passageways to allow sinus drainage. During surgery, nasal polyps can be removed and crooked septums can be repaired to improve breathing. After surgery, it is possible that nasal steroids and antibiotics will be necessary.
Self-Care
In order to manage a sinus infection at home, promoting drainage, relieving the pain, and thinning the mucus are key aspects of successful self-care.
Drinking water and other hydrating beverages such as hot tea are helpful in draining the sinuses. Additionally, steaming with the use of a steam vaporizer or a bowl of hot water can aid in drainage. Menthol containing substances such as Vick's Vapo-Rub are also helpful.
An expectorant is helpful for removing mucus from the respiratory passages and lungs. A right combination of ingredients is key, so be sure to read ingredient labels or ask a pharmacist for assistance.
Pain medications such as aspirin, naproxen, and ibuprofen reduce the painful inflammation and swelling. Tylenol can be used for pain, but it does not have the benefit of inflammation reduction that asprin, ibuprofen, and naproxen have.
Natural Remedies
A Neti Pot is often used to cleanse the sinuses when an infection is present. Using a neti pot involves pouring warm saline through your nasal passageways to cleanse and relieve irritation. A Neti Pot will come in a variety of sizes and shapes, but they can generally be described as appearing to be similar to an Aladdin's lap. Using a neti pot can be soothing, however it takes much practice to use. They must be inserted into your nose in a manner that saline does not leak from the nose, and the head must be tilted correctly or else water may enter the ears. Finally, a neti pot, although cleansing, does not kill bacteria, fungus, or virus.
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